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The Baruya are a tribe in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. They have been studied since 1967 by anthropologist Maurice Godelier. The Baruya are characterized by a strong inequality between males and females; all their organizations, institutions, and myths present male domination. The ritual is a lengthy process and can be divided into four stages for the initiates: At the age of nine, young boys are taken from their mothers to become ''Yivupbwanya'' and as a result their women skirts are cut short at the front and removed from behind while their noses are pierced. At the age of twelve, the skirts are completely removed and replaced with a male multi-layered skirt and a narrow strip of bark is worn behind, and their noses are pierced with a large nose peg. They are also adorned with many other insignia representing an approach to manhood. The initiates are now known as ''Kawetnya''. At the age of sixteen, the boys reach the ''Chawanya'' stage where they are given a black feather and other insignia and at their initiation ceremony wear a hornbill and pig-tusk head dress. They are now referred to as the new warriors of the tribe. The final stage is achieved at the age of twenty, when the warriors now become ''Kalave'' or full warriors. They are given a white feather as the symbol of this stage. ==Bibliography== *(TOWARDS BARUYA MANHOOD ) A film that describes the stages and rituals of reaching manhood in the Baruya Tribe. *(The Making of Great Men: Male Domination and Power Among the New Guinea Baruya ) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Baruya people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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